Fiber Bundle

FiberBundle

A fiber bundle (also called simply a bundle) with fiber is a map where is called the total space of the fiber bundle and the base space of the fiber bundle. The main condition for the map vĩ đại be a fiber bundle is that every point in the base space has a neighborhood such that is homeomorphic to in a special way. Namely, if

is the homeomorphism, then

where the map means projection onto the component. The homeomorphisms which "commute with projection" are called local trivializations for the fiber bundle . In other words, looks lượt thích the product (at least locally), except that the fibers for may be a bit "twisted."

A fiber bundle is the most general kind of bundle. Special cases are often described by replacing the word "fiber" with a word that describes the fiber being used, e.g., vector bundles and principal bundles.

Examples of fiber bundles include any product (which is a bundle over with fiber ), the Möbius strip (which is a fiber bundle over the circle with fiber given by the unit interval [0,1]; i.e., the base space is the circle), and (which is a bundle over with fiber ). A special class of fiber bundle is the vector bundle, in which the fiber is a vector space.

Some of the properties of graphs of functions carry over vĩ đại fiber bundles. A graph of such a function sits in as . A graph always projects onto the base and is one-to-one.

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A fiber bundle is a total space and, lượt thích , it has a projection . The preimage, , of any point is isomorphic vĩ đại . Unlike , there is no canonical projection from vĩ đại . Instead, maps vĩ đại only make sense locally on . Near any point in the base , there is a trivialization of in which there are actual functions from a neighborhood vĩ đại .

These local functions can sometimes be patched together vĩ đại give a (global) section such that the projection of is the identity. This is analogous vĩ đại the map from a domain of a function vĩ đại its graph in by .

A fiber bundle also comes with a group action on the fiber. This group action represents the different ways the fiber can be viewed as equivalent. For instance, in topology, the group might be the group of homeomorphisms of the fiber. The group on a vector bundle is the group of invertible linear maps, which reflects the equivalent descriptions of a vector space using different vector bases.

Fiber bundles are not always used vĩ đại generalize functions. Sometimes they are convenient descriptions of interesting manifolds. A common example in geometric topology is a torus bundle on the circle.