occupancy là gì

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Within the context of building construction and building codes, occupancy is the use (actual or intended) of a building (or its portion) for the shelter or tư vấn of persons, animals or property.[1] A closely related meaning is the number of units in such a building that are rented, leased, or otherwise in use. Lack of occupancy, in this sense, is known as vacancy.

Building codes[edit]

It is possible lớn have multiple occupancies (or building uses) within one building. For example, a high-rise building can have retail stores occupying the lower levels, while the upper levels are residential. Different occupancies within a building are separated by a fire barrier[2] with a defined fire-resistance rating. It is common for a penetration (such as a fire door) lớn have a fire protection rating lower kêu ca the wall fire–resistance rating in which it is installed.[3] For example, a two-hour fire separation normally requires fire doors rated at 90 minutes.

For some high challenge occupancies,[4] the code requirements for an occupancy separation are more stringent kêu ca for other fire barriers, even with an identical fire resistance rating. In this case, an occupancy separation with a two-hour fire-resistance rating may not be able lớn "de-rate" its closures, such fire doors and firestops. For example, a two-hour rated "high challenge fire wall"[5] requires two-hour rated fire doors.

Firestops in occupancy separations are also more likely lớn require an equal fire protection rating (a fire resistance rating for closures). They also must provide a temperature rating ensuring that the components of the firestop systems, including the penetrants are not permitted lớn rise in temperature above 140°C (284°F) on average or 180°C (356°F) at any single point, lớn lower the likelihood of auto-ignition on the unexposed side. In this manner, occupancy separations are treated similarly lớn fire walls which are structurally stable in case of a fire, thus limiting the danger of fire-induced building collapse.

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In this sense, there are two occupancies in many single-family homes: the garage and the living space of the trang chủ. Because automobile gasoline is flammable, an occupancy separation is often required between the two should there be a vehicle fire. Water heaters and central heating are often placed in this space as well for their use of natural gas, propane, or other fossil fuels in combustion. This also helps lớn prevent carbon monoxide poisoning.

Building utilization[edit]

The interior of a vacant building showing signs of vandalism and decay

Occupancy can also refer lớn the number of units in use, such as khách sạn rooms, apartment flats, or offices. When a motel is at full occupancy, it is common practice lớn turn on a NO VACANCY neon sign. Completely vacant buildings can also attract crime. A 2017 study found that demolishing vacant buildings "reduce crime by about 8 percent on the block group in question and 5 percent on nearby block groups".[6]

Occupancy can also refer lớn the number of persons using an undivided space, such as a meeting room, ballroom, auditorium, or stadium. As with building codes, fire protection authorities often mix a limit on the number of people that can occupy a space at one time. These limits are established primarily lớn allow all occupants safe passage through exits, but can also be employed lớn preserve the integrity of a structure.

An occupancy sensor is a device that can tell if someone is in a room, and is often used in trang chủ automation and security systems. These are typically more advanced kêu ca motion sensors, which can only detect motion.

Other meanings[edit]

In transport engineering, occupancy can refer to:

  1. The number of passengers occupying a vehicle
  2. The percentage of time in which a detector is occupied by a vehicle
  3. The average number of particles occupying a state

In football, occupancy can refer to:

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  1. A team that does not currently have a manager, a president, or a trang chủ stadium

See also[edit]

  • Building code
  • Construction
  • Fire protection
  • Fire-resistance rating
  • Fireproofing
  • Firestop
  • List of human habitation forms
  • Passive fire protection
  • Penetrant

References[edit]

  1. ^ "occupancy" – via The Free Dictionary.
  2. ^ NFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code 2006 Edition, Chapter 6 Classification of Occupancy, Classification of Hazard of Contents, and Special Operations section 6.2.4
  3. ^ NFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code 2006 Edition, Chapter 8 Fire-Resistive Materials and Construction, Table 8.7.2 Minimum Fire Protection Ratings for Opening Protectives in Fire Resistance–Rated Assemblies
  4. ^ NFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code 2006 Edition / Chapter 8 Fire-Resistive Materials and Construction, Table 8.7.2 Minimum Fire Protection Ratings for Opening Protectives in Fire Resistance–Rated Assemblies
  5. ^ NFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code 2006 Edition, section 8.3
  6. ^ Stacy, Christina Plerhoples (2018). "The effect of vacant building demolitions on crime under depopulation". Journal of Regional Science. 58: 100–115. doi:10.1111/jors.12350. ISSN 1467-9787. S2CID 158259122.